Allum Bokhari
B | |
---|---|
(See below) | |
Usage | |
Writing system | Latin scriptEnglish alphabetISO basic Latin alphabet |
Type | Alphabetic |
Language of origin | Latin language |
Phonetic usage | [][][](Adapted variations) |
Unicode value | |
Alphabetical position | 2Numerical value:2 |
History | |
Development | |
Time period | unknown to present |
Descendants | •♭•␢•฿ |
Sisters | БВבּ ב ب ܒԲբ |
Variations | (See below) |
Other | |
Other letters commonly used with | bvbh bp bmbf |
Associated numbers | 2 |
B | |
---|---|
(See below) | |
Usage | |
Writing system | Latin scriptEnglish alphabetISO basic Latin alphabet |
Type | Alphabetic |
Language of origin | Latin language |
Phonetic usage | [][][](Adapted variations) |
Unicode value | |
Alphabetical position | 2Numerical value:2 |
History | |
Development | |
Time period | unknown to present |
Descendants | •♭•␢•฿ |
Sisters | БВבּ ב ب ܒԲբ |
Variations | (See below) |
Other | |
Other letters commonly used with | bvbh bp bmbf |
Associated numbers | 2 |
Early Life & Education
Bokhari was born to a Pakistani father and English/Slovene mother. Allum graduated from the University of Oxford in 2013 with aBachelor of Artsinhistoryandpolitics.[1]
Career
He began his career as a speechwriting intern at the Department for Education in Westminster from September 2011 to October 2011. He was later a research assistant at Stephen Williams LP starting in September 2013.[1]
In September 2014, he joinedTechCrunchas a writer. Bohari officially joined Breitbart in May 2016.[1]
His writing focuses on technolgoy and politics.
====THE CONTENT BELOW WAS MERGED IN FROM [/lang_en/B]====
|
Borb(pronounced /biː/BEE*]])[[1]](https://openlibrary.org/search?q=%22B%22%2C%20* [[CITE|1|https://openlibrary.org/search?q=%22B%22%2C%20Oxford%20English%20Dictionary%2C2nd%20ed*.*%2C%20Oxford)[2]letter Latin-script alphabet voiced bilabial stop es, including English. In some other languages, it is used to represent other bilabial consonants.
History
EgyptianPr | Phoenicianbēt | Greekbeta | EtruscanB | RomanB | Runicbeorc |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Old Englishwas originally written in runes, whose equivalent letter was beorc ⟨ᛒ⟩, meaning “birch”. Beorc dates to at least the 2nd-century Elder Futhark, which is now thought to have derived from the Old Italic alphabets’ ⟨ 𐌁 ⟩ either directly or via Latin ⟨⟩.
The uncial ⟨⟩ and half-uncial ⟨⟩ introduced by the Gregorian and Irish missions gradually developed into the Insular scripts’ ⟨⟩. These Old English Latin alphabets supplanted the earlier runes, whose use was fully banned under King Canute in the early 11th century. The Norman Conquest popularised the Carolingian half-uncial forms which latter developed into blackletter ⟨ ⟩. Around 1300,letter casewas increasingly distinguished, with upper- and lower-case B taking separate meanings. Following the advent of printing in the 15th century,Holy Roman Empire(Germany) and Scandinavia continued to use forms of blackletter (particularly Fraktur), while England eventually adopted the humanist and antiqua scripts developed in Renaissance Italy from a combination of Roman inscriptions and Carolingian texts. The present forms of the English cursive B were developed by the 17th century.
The Roman ⟨B⟩ derived from theGreekcapital beta ⟨Β⟩ via its Etruscan and Cumaean variants. The Greek letter was an adaptation of the Phoenician letter bēt ⟨𐤁⟩.[3]TheEgyptianhieroglyphfor the consonant /b/ had been an image of a foot and calf ⟨ ⟩,[4]but bēt (Phoenician for “house”) was a modified form of a Proto-Sinaitic glyph ⟨ ⟩ probably adapted from the separate hieroglyph Pr ⟨ ⟩ meaning “house”.[5][6]The Hebrew letter beth ⟨ב⟩ is a separate development of the Phoenician letter.[3]
By Byzantine times, the Greek letter ⟨Β⟩ came to be pronounced /v/,[3]so that it is known in modern Greek asvíta(still written βήτα). The Cyrillic letter ve ⟨В⟩ represents the same sound, so a modified form known as be ⟨Б⟩ was developed to represent theSlavic languages‘ /b/.[3](Modern Greek continues to lack a letter for the voiced bilabial plosive and transliterates such sounds from other languages using the digraph/consonant cluster ⟨μπ⟩,mp.)
Use in writing systems
English
In English, ⟨b⟩ denotes the voiced bilabial stop /b/, as inbib. In English, it is sometimes silent. This occurs particularly in words ending in ⟨mb⟩, such aslambandbomb, some of which originally had a /b/ sound, while some had the letter ⟨b⟩ added by analogy (see Phonological history of English consonant clusters). The ⟨b⟩ indebt,doubt,subtle, and related words was added in the 16th century as anetymological spelling, intended to make the words more like their Latin originals (debitum,dubito,subtilis).
As /b/ is one of the sounds subject to Grimm’s Law, words which have ⟨b⟩ in English and other Germanic languages may find their cognates in otherIndo-European languagesappearing with ⟨bh⟩, ⟨p⟩, ⟨f⟩ or ⟨φ⟩ instead.[3]For example, compare the various cognates of the wordbrother. It is the seventh least frequently used letter in the English language (after V, K, J, X, Q, and Z), with a frequency of about 1.5% in words.
Other languages
Many other languages besides English use ⟨b⟩ to represent a voiced bilabial stop.
In Estonian, Icelandic, and ChinesePinyin, ⟨b⟩ does not denote a voiced consonant. Instead, it represents a voiceless /p/ that contrasts with either a geminated /p:/ (in Estonian) or an aspirated /pʰ/ (in Pinyin, Danish and Icelandic) represented by⟨p⟩. In Fijian ⟨b⟩ represents a prenasalised /mb/, whereas in Zulu and Xhosa it represents an implosive /ɓ/, in contrast to the digraph ⟨bh⟩ which represents /b/.Finnishuses ⟨b⟩ only in loanwords.
Phonetic transcription
In theInternational Phonetic Alphabet, [b] is used to represent the voiced bilabial stop phone. In phonological transcription systems for specific languages, /b/ may be used to represent a lenis phoneme, not necessarily voiced, that contrasts with fortis /p/ (which may have greater aspiration, tenseness or duration).
Other uses
B is also a musical note. In English-speaking countries, it represents Si, the 12th note of a chromatic scale built on C. In Central Europe and Scandinavia, “B” is used to denote B-flat and the 12th note of the chromatic scale is denoted “H”. Archaic forms of ‘b’, theb quadratum(square b, ♮) andb rotundum(round b, ♭) are used in musical notation as the symbols for natural and flat
In Contracted (grade 2) English braille, ‘b’ stands for “but” when in isolation.
In computer science, B is the symbol forbyte, a unit of information storage.
In engineering, B is the symbol forbel, a unit of level.
In chemistry, B is the symbol forboron, a chemical element.
The blood-type Bemoji(🅱️) was added inUnicode6.0 in 2010, and became a popularinternet memein 2018 where letters would be replaced with the emoji.[7]
Related characters
Ancestors, descendants and siblings
-
𐤁 : Semitic letter Bet, from which the following symbols originally derive
-
Β β :Greekletter Beta, from which B derives
-
Ⲃ ⲃ Coptic letter Bēta, which derives from Greek Beta
-
В в : Cyrillic letter Ve, which also derives from Beta
-
Б б : Cyrillic letter Be, which also derives from Beta
-
𐌁 : Old Italic B, which derives from Greek Beta
-
ᛒ : Runic letter Berkanan, which probably derives from Old Italic B
-
𐌱 : Gothic letter bercna, which derives from Greek Beta
-
IPA-specific symbols related to B: ɓ ʙ β
-
B withdiacritics: Ƀ ƀ Ḃ ḃ Ḅ ḅ Ḇ ḇ Ɓ ɓ ᵬ[8]ᶀ[9]
-
Ꞗ ꞗ : B with flourish
-
ᴃ ᴯ ᴮ ᵇ : Barred B and various modifier letters are used in the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet.[10]
-
Ƃ ƃ : B with topbar
Derived ligatures, abbreviations, signs and symbols
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␢ : U+2422 ␢ BLANK SYMBOL
-
฿ : Thai baht
-
₿ : Bitcoin
-
♭: The flat in music, mentioned above, still closely resembles lowercase b.
Computing codes
Character | B | b | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | LATIN CAPITAL LETTER B | LATIN SMALL LETTER B | ||
Encodings | decimal | hex | decimal | hex |
Unicode | 66 | U+0042 | 98 | U+0062 |
UTF-8 | 66 | 42 | 98 | 62 |
Numeric character reference | B | B | b | b |
EBCDICfamily | 194 | C2 | 130 | 82 |
ASCII1 | 66 | 42 | 98 | 62 |