The90th Light Infantry Divisionwas a light infantry division of the German Army duringWorld War IIthat served in North Africa as well as Sardinia and Italy. The division played a major role in most of the actions against the British Eighth Army in the Western Desert Campaign and eventually surrendered to theAlliesin the final stages of the Tunisia Campaign in May 1943. It was re-constituted later in 1943 and deployed to Sardinia and when the expected Allied invasion of Sardinia failed to materialise, the division was moved toItaly. It was engaged in actions against the Allies in Italy from 1943 to September 1944 when the division was listed as “destroyed” south ofBologna.

On 26 June 1941, the OKH ordered the creation of a Division HQ staff forKommando zbV Afrikain Germany. The planned division was intended for deployment to Africa to re-balance, and add infantry troops to the DAK deployed in the Western Desert. The formation headquarters was sent to Africa between late August and mid-September 1941 and deployed to command the Sollum area with the first units (347th Infantry Regiment and 300th Special Services “Oasis” Battalion) being attached on 15 October 1941.^[9]On 20 October more units were attached (155th Inf Regt, 900th Engineer Battalion and 605th Anti Tank battalion) and the division troops were expanded to full strength with the division becoming known asDivision z.b.V. Afrika^[9][1]

The subordinated 288th Special Service Unit, originally known asSonderverband 288was a regimental sized, special operations unit consisting of sub-units with various combat specialties including mountain and desert warfare, night operations and infiltration. This unit was formed in Potsdam in 1941 from specialist soldiers with previous experience in the deserts of the Middle East and North Africa.^[10]Two battalions fromSonderverbande 288and one locally recruited Arab battalion were later amalgamated to form the 155th Rifle (later Panzergrenadier) Regiment within the division.^[11]The 361st Regiment contained 300 Germans who had previously served in the French Foreign Legion; who were usually considered unworthy of service but brought about by the Wehrmacht’s incessant need for additional troops.^[10][11]

Training was completed in the Bardia area and the division was earmarked by Rommel to lead the attack on Tobruk. On 28 November 1941, the formation was renamed90. leichte Afrika Division(90th Light Africa Division).^[12]Through its five-year existence, it was re-designated several times, although always known colloquially as theAfrica Division,being the only German combat division to have been largely raised in Africa itself.

It fought for the remainder of the North African Campaign, finally surrendering to the Allies in the end of the Tunisia Campaign in May 1943. It was regarded apparently by the 2nd New Zealand Division, commanded by Lieutenant-General Sir Bernard C. Freyberg VC, as their special foe,^[13]as the two formations faced each other on several occasions. General Graf von Sponecks 90th Light Division insisted on giving up to the New Zealanders, their doughty adversaries of two years standing.^[14]

As with the other units of the Afrika Korps, replacement units were quickly raised from available troops stationed in Western Europe. As such, theAfrica Divisionwas reconstituted as the90th Panzergrenadier Divisionin Sardinia during July 1943. Evacuated from Corsica with the Sturmbrigade Reichsführer SS to the Italian mainland in October 1943, the division appeared opposite both the Americans and British as they pushed north. It was then very nearly wiped out in the bitter fighting with the 1st Canadian Infantry Division during the Moro River Campaign in late November 1943 and the Battle of Ortona in December. A short time later it was withdrawn into reserve at Frosinone and redesignated90th Grenadier Division (Motorized). While still rebuilding, it was deployed piecemeal along the front in response to the Allies spring offensive in 1944 to serve as a rearguard while the balance of the German units in southern Italy fell back to the Winter Line. Shifted southeast from the Franco-Italian border in September 1944, 90th Grenadier was finally listed as destroyed in the fighting south of Bologna. The remainder of its personnel surrendered to the Brazilian Expeditionary Force (FEB) in Italy in April 1945.

The division has been implicated in a number of war crimes in Italy between August 1944 and April 1945, with up to five civilians executed in each incident.^[15]

The division formed part of the Afrika Korps during its deployment to North Africa.