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8½

​8 1⁄2(Italian title:Otto e mezzo, pronounced [ˈɔtto e mˈmɛddzo]) is a 1963 Italian surrealist comedy-drama film directed by Federico Fellini. Co-scripted by Fellini, Tullio Pinelli, Ennio Flaiano, and Brunello Rondi, it stars Marcello Mastroianni as Guido Anselmi, a famous Italian film director who suffers from stifled creativity as he attempts to direct an epic science fiction film. Shot in black-and-white by cinematographer Gianni Di Venanzo, the film features a soundtrack by Nino Rota with costume and set designs by Piero Gherardi.

Its title refers to its being Fellini’s eighth and a half film as a director. His previous directorial work consisted of six features, two short segments, and a collaboration with another director, Alberto Lattuada; the latter three works are each counted as “half” films.[3]

​8 1⁄2won theAcademy Awardsfor Best Foreign Language Film and Best Costume Design (black-and-white). Acknowledged as an avant-garde film[4]and a highly influential classic,[5]it was among the top 10 on BFI The Top 50 Greatest Films of All Time, ranked third in a 2002 poll of film directors conducted by the British Film Institute[6]and is also listed on theVatican‘s compilation of the 45 best films made before 1995, the 100th anniversary of cinema.[7]It is now considered to be one of the greatest films of all time.

​812
Directed by Federico Fellini
Produced by Angelo Rizzoli
Screenplay by Federico Fellini
Ennio Flaiano
Tullio Pinelli
Brunello Rondi
Story by Federico Fellini
Ennio Flaiano
Starring Marcello Mastroianni
Claudia Cardinale
Anouk Aimée
Sandra Milo
Rossella Falk
Barbara Steele
Music by Nino Rota
Cinematography Gianni Di Venanzo
Edited by Leo Catozzo
Production
company
Cineriz
Francinex
Distributed by Cineriz(Italy)
Columbia Pictures(France)
Embassy Pictures(US)
Release date
  • 14 February 1963 (1963-02-14)
Running time
138 minutes
Country
  • Italy
  • France[1]
Language Italian
French
English
German
Box office $3.5 million (rentals)[2]

Plot

Guido Anselmi (Marcello Mastroianni), a famous Italian film director, is suffering from “director’s block”. Stalled on his newscience fictionfilm that includes thinly veiled autobiographical references, he has lost interest amidst artistic and marital difficulties. While attempting to recover from his anxieties at a luxurious spa, Guido hires a well-known critic (Jean Rougeul) to review his ideas for his film, but the critic blasts them as weak, intellectually spineless, and confusing. Meanwhile, Guido has recurring visions of an Ideal Woman (Claudia Cardinale), which he sees as key to his story. His vivacious mistress Carla (Sandra Milo) comes from Rome to visit him, but Guido puts her in a separate hotel and mostly ignores her. The film production crew relocates to Guido’s hotel in an attempt to get him to work on the film, but he evades his staff, ignores journalists, and refuses to make decisions, not even telling actors their roles. As the pressure mounts to begin filming, Guido retreats into childhood memories: spending the night at his grandmother’s villa, dancing with a prostitute (Eddra Gale) on the beach as a schoolboy, and being punished by his strict Catholic school as a result. The film critic claims that these memories are too sentimental and ambiguous to be used in Guido’s film.

Granted the rare opportunity to have a personal audience with a Cardinal in a steam bath (a scene which Guido plans to replicate in his film), Guido admits that he isn’t happy. The Cardinal responds with quotes from the catechism and offers little insight into his condition. Guido invites his estranged wife Luisa (Anouk Aimée) and her friends to join him. They dance, suggesting that the couple still has a chance to reconcile, but Guido abandons her for his production crew. The crew tours the steel infrastructure of a life-sized rocket ship set built on the beach, and Guido confesses to his wife’s best friend Rosella (Rossella Falk) that he wanted to make a film that was pure and honest, but he is struggling with something honest to say. Carla surprises Guido, Luisa, and Rosella outside the hotel, and Guido claims that he and Carla ended their affair years ago. Luisa and Rosella call him on the lie, and Guido slips into a fantasy world where he lords over a harem of women from his life. They bathe him (like at his grandmother’s villa) and spray him with powder, but a rejected showgirl starts a rebellion. The fantasy women attack Guido with harsh truths about himself and his sex life, and Guido literally whips them back into shape.

Fed up with delays, the producer (Guido Alberti) forces Guido to review his many screen tests, but Guido still fails to make any decisions. The screen tests are for roles portrayed earlier in​8 1⁄2, such as Carla, the prostitute, the Cardinal, etc. When Luisa sees how bitterly Guido chooses to represent her in the film, she flees the theater, declaring that their marriage is over since Guido is unable to deal with the truth. But Guido’s Ideal Woman arrives in the form of an actress named Claudia. Guido takes her to visit a proposed set, explaining that his film is about a burned-out man who finds salvation in this Ideal Woman. Claudia listens intently, but concludes that the protagonist is unsympathetic because he is incapable of love. Broken, Guido calls off the film, but the producer and the film’s staff announce a massive press conference at the rocket ship set. Guido attempts to escape from the frenzied journalists, and when pressed for a statement, he instead crawls under a table and shoots himself in the head. The crew begins to disassemble the rocket ship, since the film is canceled. The critic praises Guido for making a wise decision, and Guido has a revelation— he was attempting to solve his personal confusion by creating a film to help others, when instead he needs to accept his life for what it is. He asks Luisa for her assistance in doing so. A group of musical clowns, led by a young Guido, transform the rocket ship set into a circus, leading the men and women of Guido’s life down the steps of the set. Shouting through a megaphone, Guido directs them into a circus ring, and Carla tells him that she figured out what he was trying to say— that Guido can’t do without the people in his life. The men and women hold hands and run around the circle, Guido and Luisa joining them last.

Cast

  • Marcello Mastroianni as Guido Anselmi, a film director

  • Anouk Aimée as Luisa Anselmi, Guido’s wife

  • Rossella Falk as Rossella, Luisa’s best friend and Guido’s confidante

  • Sandra Milo as Carla, Guido’s mistress

  • Claudia Cardinale as Claudia, a film star Guido casts as his Ideal Woman

  • Simonetta Simeoni as young girl

  • Guido Alberti as Pace, a film producer

  • Mario Conocchia as Mario Conocchia, Guido’s production assistant

  • Bruno Agostini as Bruno Agostini, the production director

  • Cesarino Miceli Picardi as Cesarino, the production supervisor

  • Jean Rougeul as Carini Daumier, a film critic

  • Mario Pisu as Mario Mezzabotta, Guido’s friend

  • Barbara Steele as Gloria Morin, Mezzabotta’s new young girlfriend

  • Madeleine Lebeau as Madeleine, a French actress

  • Caterina Boratto as a mysterious lady in the hotel

  • Eddra Gale as La Saraghina, a prostitute

  • Eugene Walter as an American journalist

  • Mary Indovino as Maya, the clairvoyant

  • Ian Dallas as Maurice, Maya’s assistant

  • Giuditta Rissone as Guido’s mother

  • Annibale Ninchi as Guido’s father

  • Edy Vessel as a mannequin

Production

In an October 1960 letter to his colleague Brunello Rondi, Fellini first outlined his film ideas about a man suffering from a creative block: “Well then – a guy (a writer? any kind of professional man? a theatrical producer?) has to interrupt the usual rhythm of his life for two weeks because of a not-too-serious disease. It’s a warning bell: something is blocking up his system.”[8]Unclear about the script, its title, and his protagonist’s profession, he scouted locations throughout Italy “looking for the film”[9]in the hope of resolving his confusion. Flaiano suggestedLa bella confusione(literallyThe Beautiful Confusion) as the film’s title. Under pressure from his producers, Fellini finally settled on​8 1⁄2, a self-referential title referring principally (but not exclusively)[10]to the number of films he had directed up to that time.

Giving the order to start production in spring 1962, Fellini signed deals with his producer Rizzoli, fixed dates, had sets constructed, cast Mastroianni, Anouk Aimée, and Sandra Milo in lead roles, and did screen tests at the Scalera Studios in Rome. He hired cinematographer Gianni Di Venanzo, among key personnel. But apart from naming his hero Guido Anselmi, he still couldn’t decide what his character did for a living.[11]The crisis came to a head in April when, sitting in his Cinecittà office, he began a letter to Rizzoli confessing he had “lost his film” and had to abandon the project. Interrupted by the chief machinist requesting he celebrate the launch of​8 1⁄2, Fellini put aside the letter and went on the set. Raising a toast to the crew, he “felt overwhelmed by shame… I was in a no exit situation. I was a director who wanted to make a film he no longer remembers. And lo and behold, at that very moment everything fell into place. I got straight to the heart of the film. I would narrate everything that had been happening to me. I would make a film telling the story of a director who no longer knows what film he wanted to make”.[12]

When shooting began on 9 May 1962, Eugene Walter recalled Fellini taking “a little piece of brown paper tape” and sticking it near the viewfinder of the camera. Written on it wasRicordati che è un film comico(“Remember that this is a comic film”).[13]Perplexed by the seemingly chaotic, incessant improvisation on the set, Deena Boyer, the director’s American press officer at the time, asked for a rationale. Fellini told her that he hoped to convey the three levels “on which our minds live: the past, the present, and the conditional – the realm of fantasy”.[14]

​8 1⁄2was filmed in the spherical cinematographic process, using 35-millimeter film, and exhibited with an aspect ratio of 1.85:1. As with most Italian films of this period, the sound was entirely dubbed in afterwards; following a technique dear to Fellini, many lines of the dialogue were written only during post production, while the actors on the set mouthed random lines.Otto e mezzomarks the first time that actress Claudia Cardinale was allowed to dub her own dialogue; previously her voice was thought to be too throaty and, coupled with herTunisianaccent, was considered undesirable.[15]This is Fellini’s last black-and-white film.[16]

In September 1962, Fellini shot the end of the film as initially written: Guido and his wife sit together in the restaurant car of a train bound for Rome. Lost in thought, Guido looks up to see all the characters of his film smiling ambiguously at him as the train enters a tunnel. Fellini then shot an alternative ending set around the spaceship on the beach at dusk but with the intention of using the scenes as a trailer for promotional purposes only. In the documentaryFellini: I’m a Born Liar, co-scriptwriter Tullio Pinelli explains how he warned Fellini to abandon the train sequence with its implicit theme ofsuicidefor an upbeat ending.[17]Fellini accepted the advice, using the alternative beach sequence as a more harmonious and exuberant finale.[18]

After shooting wrapped on 14 October, Nino Rota composed various circus marches and fanfares that would later become signature tunes of the maestro’s cinema.[19]

Reception

First released in Italy on 14 February 1963,Otto e mezzoreceived virtually unanimous acclaim, with reviewers hailing Fellini as “a genius possessed of a magic touch, a prodigious style”.[19]Italian novelist and critic Alberto Moravia described the film’s protagonist, Guido Anselmi, as “obsessed by eroticism, a sadist, a masochist, a self-mythologizer, an adulterer, a clown, a liar and a cheat. He’s afraid of life and wants to return to his mother’s womb…. In some respects he resembles Leopold Bloom, the hero of James Joyce’sUlysses, and we have the impression that Fellini has read and contemplated this book. The film is introverted, a sort of private monologue interspersed with glimpses of reality…. Fellini’s dreams are always surprising and, in a figurative sense, original, but his memories are pervaded by a deeper, more delicate sentiment. This is why the two episodes concerning the hero’s childhood at the old country house in Romagna and his meeting with the woman on the beach inRiminiare the best of the film, and among the best of all Fellini’s works to date”.[20]

Reviewing forCorriere della Sera, Giovanni Grazzini underlined that “the beauty of the film lies in its ‘confusion’… a mixture of error and truth, reality and dream, stylistic and human values, and in the complete harmony between Fellini’s cinematographic language and Guido’s rambling imagination. It is impossible to distinguish Fellini from his fictional director and so Fellini’s faults coincide with Guido’s spiritual doubts. The osmosis between art and life is amazing. It will be difficult to repeat this achievement.[21]Fellini’s genius shines in everything here, as it has rarely shone in the movies. There isn’t a set, a character or a situation that doesn’t have a precise meaning on the great stage that is​8 1⁄2“.[22]Mario Verdone ofBianco e Neroinsisted the film was “like a brilliant improvisation…. The film became the most difficult feat the director ever tried to pull off. It is like a series of acrobats [sic] that a tightrope walker tries to execute high above the crowd,… always on the verge of falling and being smashed on the ground. But at just the right moment, the acrobat knows how to perform the right somersault: with a push he straightens up, saves himself and wins”.[23]

​8 1⁄2screened at the 1963 Cannes Film Festival in April to “almost universal acclaim”[24]and was Italy’s official entry in the later 3rd Moscow International Film Festival where it won the Grand Prize. French film director François Truffaut wrote: “Fellini’s film is complete, simple, beautiful, honest, like the one Guido wants to make in​8 1⁄2“.[25]Premier Plancritics André Bouissy and Raymond Borde argued that the film “has the importance, magnitude, and technical mastery ofCitizen Kane. It has aged twenty years of the avant-garde in one fell swoop because it both integrates and surpasses all the discoveries of experimental cinema”.[26]Pierre Kast ofLesCahiers du cinémaexplained that “my admiration for Fellini is not without limits. For instance, I did not enjoyLa Stradabut I didI Vitelloni. But I think we must all admit that​8 1⁄2, leaving aside for the moment all prejudice and reserve, is prodigious. Fantastic liberality, a total absence of precaution and hypocrisy, absolute dispassionate sincerity, artistic and financial courage these are the characteristics of this incredible undertaking”.[27]

Released in the United States on 25 June 1963 by Joseph E. Levine, who had bought the rights sight unseen, the film was screened at the Festival Theatre in New York City in the presence of Fellini and Marcello Mastroianni. The acclaim was unanimous with the exception of reviews by Judith Crist, Pauline Kael, and John Simon. Crist “didn’t think the film touched the heart or moved the spirit”.[24]Kael derided the film as a “structural disaster” while Simon considered it “a disheartening fiasco”.[28][29]Newsweekdefended the film as “beyond doubt, a work of art of the first magnitude”.[24]Bosley Crowther praised it inThe New York Timesas “a piece of entertainment that will really make you sit up straight and think, a movie endowed with the challenge of a fascinating intellectual game…. If Mr. Fellini has not produced another masterpiece –another all-powerful exposure of Italy’s ironic sweet life –he has made a stimulating contemplation of what might be called, with equal irony, a sweet guy”.[30]Archer Winsten of theNew York Postinterpreted the film as “a kind of review and summary of Fellini’s picture-making” but doubted that it would appeal as directly to the American public asLa Dolce Vitahad three years earlier: “This is a subtler, more imaginative, less sensational piece of work. There will be more people here who consider it confused and confusing. And when they do understand what it is about –the simultaneous creation of a work of art, a philosophy of living together in happiness, and the imposition of each upon the other, they will not be as pleased as if they had attended the exposition of an international scandal”.[31]Audiences, however, loved it to such an extent that a company attempted to obtain the rights to mass-produce Guido Anselmi’s black director’s hat.[28]

Fellini biographer Hollis Alpert noted that in the months following its release, critical commentary on​8 1⁄2proliferated as the film “became an intellectual cud to chew on”.[32]Philosopher and social critic Dwight Macdonald, for example, insisted it was “the most brilliant, varied, and entertaining movie sinceCitizen Kane“.[32]In 1987, a group of thirty European intellectuals and filmmakers votedOtto e mezzothe most important European film ever made.[33]In 1993,Chicago Sun-Timesfilm reviewerRoger Ebertwrote that “despite the efforts of several other filmmakers to make their own versions of the same story, it remains the definitive film about director’s block”.[34]In 2000, Ebert added the film to his “Great Movies” list, praising the memorable performances, psychological depths of the themes, the striking visuals and inventive camera work, describing​8 1⁄2as “the best film ever made about filmmaking.”[35]It came number two on the 1992 and 2002Sight & SoundDirector’s Poll beaten only byCitizen Kane.​8 1⁄2is a fixture on the British Film Institute’sSight & Soundcritics’ and directors’ polls of the top ten films ever made. It ranked number two on the magazine’s 2002Directors’ Top Ten Polland number eight on theCritics’ Top Ten Poll[6]and stayed within the top ten, but slightly lower in the 2012 poll (number four on the 2012 directors’ poll[36]and ten on the 2012 critics’ poll).[37]In 2010, the film was ranked #62 inEmpiremagazine’s “The 100 Best Films Of World Cinema”.[38]DirectorMartin Scorsesealso listed it as one of his favourite films of all time.[39]

Themes

​8 1⁄2is about the struggles involved in the creative process, both technical and personal, and the problems artists face when expected to deliver something personal and profound with intense public scrutiny, on a constricted schedule, while simultaneously having to deal with their own personal relationships. It is, in a larger sense, about finding true personal happiness within a difficult, fragmented life. Like several Italian films of the period (most evident in the films of Fellini’s contemporary, Michelangelo Antonioni),​8 1⁄2also is about the alienating effects of modernization.[40]

The title is in keeping with Fellini’s self-reflexive theme: the making of his eighth-and-a-half film.[41]His previous six feature films includedLo sceicco bianco(1952),I Vitelloni(1953),La Strada(1954),Il bidone(1955),Le notti di Cabiria(1957), andLa Dolce Vita(1960). With Alberto Lattuada, he co-directedLuci del varietà(Variety Lights) in 1950. His two short segments includedUn’Agenzia Matrimoniale(A Marriage Agency) in the 1953 omnibus filmL’amore in città(Love in the City) andLe Tentazioni del Dottor Antoniofrom the 1962 omnibus filmBoccaccio ’70. The working title for​8 1⁄2wasLa bella confusione(The Beautiful Confusion) proposed by co-screenwriter, Ennio Flaiano, but Fellini then “had the simpler idea (which proved entirely wrong) to call itComedy“.[42]

According to Italian writer Alberto Arbasino, Fellini’s film used similar artistic procedures and had parallels with Musil’s 1930 novelThe Man Without Qualities.[43]

Influence

Later in the year of the film’s 1963 release, a group of young Italian writers founded Gruppo ’63, a literary collective of the neoavanguardia composed of novelists, reviewers, critics, and poets inspired by​8 1⁄2and Umberto Eco’s seminal essay,Opera aperta(Open Work).[44]

“Imitations of​8 1⁄2pile up by directors all over the world”, wrote Fellini biographer Tullio Kezich.[45]The following is Kezich’s short-list of the films it has inspired:Mickey One(Arthur Penn, 1965),Alex in Wonderland(Paul Mazursky, 1970),Beware of a Holy Whore(Rainer Werner Fassbinder, 1971),La Nuit américaine (“Day for Night”)(François Truffaut, 1974),All That Jazz(Bob Fosse, 1979),Stardust Memories(Woody Allen, 1980),Sogni d’oro(Nanni Moretti, 1981),Planet Parade(Vadim Abdrashitov, 1984),La Pelicula del rey(Carlos Sorín, 1986),Living in Oblivion(Tom DiCillo, 1995),​8 1⁄2 Women(Peter Greenaway, 1999),​8 1⁄2 $(Grigori Konstantinopolsky, 1999),Synecdoche, New York(Charlie Kaufman, 2008), andThe Great Beauty(Paolo Sorrentino, 2013).

Adaptation

The Tony-winning 1982 Broadway musical,Nine(score by Maury Yeston, book by Arthur Kopit) is based on the film, underscoring Guido’s obsession with women by making him the only male character. The original production, directed by Tommy Tune starred Raúl Juliá as Guido, Anita Morris as Carla, Liliane Montevecchi as Liliane LaFleur, Guido’s producer and Karen Akers as Luisa. A 2003 broadway revival starred Antonio Banderas, Jane Krakowski, Mary Stuart Masterson and Chita Rivera. It was made into a film in 2009, directed by Rob Marshall and starring Daniel Day-Lewis as Guido alongsideNicole Kidman, Marion Cotillard, Judi Dench, Kate Hudson, Penélope Cruz and Sophia Loren.[46]

Awards

​8 1⁄2won two Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film and Best Costume Design (black-and-white) while garnering three other nominations for Best Director, Best Original Screenplay, and Best Art Direction (black-and-white).[47]The New York Film Critics Circle also named​8 1⁄2best foreign language film. TheItalian National Syndicate of Film Journalistsawarded the film all seven prizes for director, producer, original story, screenplay, music, cinematography, and best supporting actress (Sandra Milo). It also garnered nominations for Best Actor, Best Costume Design, and Best Production Design.

At the Saint Vincent Film Festival, it was awarded Grand Prize over Luchino Visconti’sIl gattopardo(The Leopard). The film screened in April at the 1963 Cannes Film Festival[48]to “almost universal acclaim but no prize was awarded because it was shown outside the competition. Cannes rules demanded exclusivity in competition entries, and​8 1⁄2was already earmarked as Italy’s official entry in the later Moscow festival”.[49]Presented on 18 July 1963 to an audience of 8,000 in the Kremlin’s conference hall,​8 1⁄2won the prestigious Grand Prize at the 3rd Moscow International Film Festival[50]to acclaim that, according to Fellini biographer Tullio Kezich, worried theSovietfestival authorities: the applause was “a cry for freedom”.[28]Jury members included Stanley Kramer, Jean Marais, Satyajit Ray, and screenwriter Sergio Amidei.[51]

See also

  • List of Italian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film

  • List of submissions to the 36th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film

  • List of films considered the best

References

[1]

Citation Linkftvdb.bfi.org.uk“8½”.BFI Film & Television Database. London: British Film Institute. Retrieved 27 December 2012.

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[2]

Citation Linkopenlibrary.org“Top Rental Films of 1963”,Variety, 8 January 1964 p 37

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[3]

Citation Linkwww.bbc.co.ukAlmar Haflidason Updated 17 April 2001 (17 April 2001). “BBC – Review of Fellini’s ‘8½'”. Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 4 April 2012.

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[4]

Citation Linkopenlibrary.orgAlberto Arbasino (1963), review of ​8 1⁄2 inIl Giorno, 6 March 1963: “The film is a step forward in the history of novelistic form. The block structure ofLa Dolce Vitaalready paved the way in both cinema and littérature.Otto et mezzo, however, not only outdistances by many years almost all films currently made but impacts our narrative at the most sensitive moment of the friction between convention and avant-garde, and may well provide a boost in the direction of the experimental, i.e. the future, as regards, among other things, the problems of being, of writing, and the relationship with reality.”

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[5]

Citation Linkopenlibrary.orgFilm scholar Charles Affron writes that “the status of​8 1⁄2as a ‘classic’ text can be recognized in the homage of its imitations and versions.” Cf. Affron, 5. Fellini scholar Peter Bondanella concurs: “As might be expected from the work’s important place in the history of the cinema, the criticism on​8 1⁄2is voluminous.” Cf. Bondanella*, The Cinema of Federico Fellini*, 163

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Citation Linkwww.bfi.org.uk“Directors’ Top Ten Poll”. British Film Institute. Archived from the original on 18 March 2007. Retrieved 26 March 2007.

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Citation Linkweb.archive.org“Vatican Best Films List”. USCCB. Archived from the original on 23 July 2010. Retrieved 25 July 2010.

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Citation Linkopenlibrary.orgAffron, 227

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Citation Linkopenlibrary.orgAlpert, 159

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Citation Linkopenlibrary.orgKezich, 234 and Affron, 3-4

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Citation Linkopenlibrary.orgAlpert, 160

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Citation Linkopenlibrary.orgFellini,Comments on Film, 161-62

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Citation Linkopenlibrary.orgEugene Walter, “Dinner with Fellini”,The Transatlantic Review, Autumn 1964. Quoted in Affron, 267

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Citation Linkwww.theguardian.comNewton, Michael (15 May 2015). “Fellini’s 8½ – a masterpiece by cinema’s ultimate dreamer”.The Guardian.

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[17]

Citation Linkopenlibrary.org“The suicide theme is so overwhelming,” Pinelli told Fellini, “that you’ll crush your film.” Cited inFellini: I’m a Born Liar(2002), directed by Damian Pettigrew.

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[18]

Citation Linkopenlibrary.orgAlpert, 174-175, and Kezich, 245. The documentaryL’Ultima sequenza(2003) also discusses the lost sequence.

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[19]

Citation Linkopenlibrary.orgKezich, 245

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[20]

Citation Linkopenlibrary.orgMoravia’s review first published inL’Espresso(Rome) on 17 February 1963. Quoted in Fava and Vigano, 115-116

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[21]

Citation Linkopenlibrary.orgGrazzini’s review first published inCorriere della Sera(Milan) on 16 February 1963. Quoted in Fava and Vigano, 116

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[22]

Citation Linkopenlibrary.orgThis translation of Grazzini’s review quoted in Affron, 255

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Citation Linkopenlibrary.orgAffron, 255

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Citation Linkopenlibrary.orgAlpert, 180

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Citation Linkopenlibrary.orgTruffaut’s review first published inLui(Paris), 1 July 1963. Affron, 257

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Citation Linkopenlibrary.orgFirst published inPremier Plan(Paris), 30 November 1963. Affron, 257

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Citation Linkopenlibrary.orgFirst published inLes Cahiers du Cinéma(Paris), July 1963. Fava and Vigano, 116

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Citation Linkopenlibrary.orgJohn Simon considered the film’s originality was compromised “because the ‘dance of life’ at the end was suggested by Bergman’s dance of death inThe Seventh Seal(which Fellini had not seen)”. Quoted in Alpert, 181

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Citation Linkopenlibrary.orgFirst published in theNYT, 26 June 1963. Fava and Vigano, 118

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Citation Linken.wikipedia.orgThe original version of this page is from Wikipedia, you can edit the page right here on Everipedia.Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License.Additional terms may apply.See everipedia.org/everipedia-termsfor further details.Images/media credited individually (click the icon for details).

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