On June 12, 2016,Omar Mateen, a 29-year-oldsecurity guard, killed 49 people and wounded 53 others in amass shootinginside Pulse, a gay nightclub in Orlando, Florida,United States. Orlando Police Department officers shot and killed him after a three-hour standoff.

In a 9-1-1 call made shortly after the shooting began, Mateen swore allegiance to the leader of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant,Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, and said the U.S. killing of Abu Waheeb in Iraq the previous month “triggered” the shooting. He later told a negotiator he was “out here right now” because of the American-led interventions in Iraq and in Syria and that the negotiator should tell the United States to stop the bombing. The incident was deemed a terrorist attack byFBIinvestigators.

Pulse was hosting a “Latin Night,” and most of the victims wereHispanic. It is the deadliest incident of violence against LGBT people in U.S. history and the deadliest terrorist attack in the U.S. since theSeptember 11 attacksin 2001. At the time, it was the deadliestmass shootingby a single shooter in U.S. history, being surpassed by the Las Vegas shooting a year later.

On June 11, 2016, Pulse, a gay nightclub in Orlando, Florida, was hosting “Latin Night,” a weekly Saturday night event drawing a primarilyHispaniccrowd.^[1][2]About 320 people were inside the club, which was serving last call drinks at around 2:00 a.m.EDTon June 12.^[3][4]After arriving at the club by van,^[5]Omar Mateen approached the building on foot, armed with a SIG Sauer MCX^[6]semi-automatic rifle and a 9mm Glock 17 semi-automatic pistol.^{[7][8][9][10]}At 2:02 a.m., Officer Adam Gruler, a uniformed off-duty Orlando Police Department (OPD) officer working extra duty^[11][12]as a security guard, engaged Mateen.^[13][14]Mateen bypassed him into the building and began shooting patrons.^[3][4][14]Dozens were killed or severely injured.^[15]

Gruler called in a signal for assistance.

When additional officers arrived at the nightclub beginning at 2:04 a.m., he shouted “[The gunman]’s in the patio!” and resumed firing at Mateen.^[16][12]Two officers joined Gruler in engaging Mateen, who then retreated farther into the nightclub and “began a ‘hostage situation'”.^[3][17][18]In the next 45 minutes, about 100 officers from the OPD and the Orange County Sheriff’s Office were dispatched to the scene.^[18]Among the earliest first responders to arrive were a firefighter crew from Fire Station 5 and two supporting firefighter paramedics from Fire Station 7. Eighty Fire and Emergency Medical Services personnel from the Orlando Fire Department were deployed during the entire incident.^[19]

During the shooting, some of the people who were trapped inside the club sought help by calling or sending text messages to friends and relatives. Initially, some of them thought the gunshots were firecrackers or part of the music.^[20][21][22]A recently discharged Marine veteran working as a nightclub bouncer immediately recognized the sounds as gunfire, which he described as “high caliber,” and jumped over a locked door behind which dozens of people were hidden and paralyzed by fear, then opened a latched door behind them allowing approximately 70 people to escape.^[23][24]Many described a scene of panic and confusion caused by the loud music and darkness. One person shielded herself by hiding inside a bathroom and covering herself with bodies. A bartender said she took cover beneath the glass bar. At least one patron tried to help those who were hit.^[25]According to a man trapped inside a bathroom with fifteen other patrons, Mateen fired sixteen times into the bathroom, through the closed door, killing at least two and wounding several others.^[26]

According to one of the hostages, Mateen entered a bathroom in the nightclub’s northwest side and opened fire on the people hiding there, wounding several.

The hostage, who had taken cover inside a stall with others, was injured by two bullets and struck with flying pieces of a wall hit by stray bullets.

Mateen’s rifle then jammed briefly, at which point he switched to using a handgun.^[27][28][29]Two survivors quoted Mateen as saying, “I don’t have a problem with black people”,^[30][31]and that he “wouldn’t stop his assault until America stopped bombing his country”.^[32]Other survivors heard Mateen claim he had explosives as well as snipers stationed around the club.^[30]

Patrons trapped inside called or texted 9-1-1 to warn of the possible presence of explosives.^[34]

At 2:09 a.m., several minutes after gunfire began, the club posted on itsFacebookpage, “Everyone get out of pulse [sic] and keep running.”^[35]At 2:22 a.m., Mateen placed a 9-1-1 call in which he mentioned theBoston Marathon bombers—Tamerlan and Dzhokhar Tsarnaev—as his “homeboys” and made a reference to Moner Mohammad Abu Salha, an American citizen who died in a suicide bombing in Syria in 2014.^[18][36][37]Mateen said he was inspired by Abu Salha’s death for the Al-Nusra Front targeting Syrian government troops (a mutual enemy of the two Salafist groups, despite their history of violence with each other), and swore allegiance^[38]to ISIL leader al-Baghdadi.^[39]The FBI said that Mateen and Abu Salha had attended the same mosque and knew each other “casually”.^[40]Mateen made two other 9-1-1 calls during the shooting.^[37]Numerous 9-1-1 calls were made by the patrons inside the nightclub around this time.^[41]

After the initial rounds of gunfire between Mateen and the security guard at Pulse, six officers shot out a large glass window and followed the sound of shooting to the bathroom area.

When Mateen stuck his head out from one of the bathrooms, at least two officers shot at him.

After the gunfire stopped, they were ordered to hold position instead of storming the bathroom, according to one of the officers.^[14][27][42]After about 15 to 20 minutes, SWAT arrived and had the officers withdraw as the officers were “not really in tactical gear”. SWAT then took over the operation.^[42]When asked why the officers didn’t proceed to the bathroom and engage Mateen, Orlando Police Chief John Mina said it was because Mateen “went from an active shooter to a barricaded gunman” and had hostages. He also noted, “If he had continued shooting, our officers would have went in there.”^[27]At that time, the last shot by Mateen was fired between 2:10 a.m. and 2:18 a.m.^[43]

Rescues of people trapped inside the nightclub commenced and continued throughout the night.

Because so many people were lying on the dance floor, one rescuing officer demanded, “If you’re alive, raise your hand.”^[15]By 2:35 a.m., police had managed to extract nearly all of the injured from the nightclub.

Those who remained included the hostages held by Mateen in the bathroom, as well as a dozen people who were hiding inside dressing rooms.^[44]

At 2:45 a.m., Mateen called News 13 of Orlando and said, “I’m the shooter. It’s me. I am the shooter.” He then said he was carrying out the shooting on behalf of ISIL and began speaking rapidly in Arabic.^[45][46]Mateen also said the shooting was “triggered” by a U.S.-led bombing strike in Iraq that killed Abu Wahib, an ISIL military commander, on May 6.^[47]

A crisis negotiator was present as Mateen was holed up inside and holding hostages.^[48][49]Officers initially believed he was armed with a “suspicious device” that posed a threat, but it was later revealed to be a battery that fell out of an exit sign or smoke detector.^[50]

Police hostage negotiators spoke with Mateen by telephone three times between 2:48 a.m. and 3:27 a.m.^[51]He claimed during one of the calls that he had bombs strapped to his body.^[48][51]He also claimed that he “had a vehicle in the parking lot with enough explosives to take out city blocks.”^[15]At 3:58 a.m., the OPD announced to the public that there was a shooting at the club, and that there were multiple injuries.^[18]At 4:21 a.m., eight of the hostages escaped after police had removed an air conditioning unit from an exterior wall.^[18][51]At approximately 4:29 a.m., Mateen told negotiators that he planned to strap explosive vests to four hostages, strategically place them in different corners of the building, and detonate them in 15 minutes.^[34][48]OPD officers then decided to end negotiations and prepared to blow their way in.^[18][20][48]

At around 2:30 a.m., Mateen’s second wife—after receiving a call from her mother at approximately 2:00 a.m. asking where her husband was—sent a text message to Mateen asking where he was.

Mateen texted back asking her if she had seen the news.

After she replied, “No?”, Mateen responded, “I love you, babe.”

According to one source, she texted him back at one point saying that she loved him.

She also called him several times during the standoff, but he did not answer.

She found out about what was happening at 4:00 a.m. after the police told her to come out of her house with her hands up.^[52][53]

A survivor of the shooting recalled Mateen saying he wanted the United States to “stop bombing his country”.^[54][32]The FBI said Mateen “told a negotiator to tell America to stop bombing Syria and Iraq and that was why he was ‘out here right now'”.^[51]

The FBI reported that no shots were heard between the time Mateen stopped exchanging gunfire with the first responders and 5:02 a.m., when Orlando police breached the building’s wall.^[51]Just before the breach, Mateen entered a women’s bathroom where the hostages were hiding and opened fire, killing a man who sacrificed his life to save the woman behind him and at least one other, according to witnesses.^[27][28]

At 5:07 a.m., fourteen SWAT officers—after failing to blow open a big enough hole in the bathroom’s exterior wall using a bomb—successfully breached the building when a policeman drove a BearCat armored vehicle through a wall in the northern bathroom. They then used two flashbangs to distract Mateen, and shot at him.^{[14][35][44][56][57]}The breach drew Mateen out into the hallway, and at 5:14 a.m., he engaged the officers. He was shot eight times and killed in the resulting shootout, which involved at least eleven officers who fired a total of about 150 bullets.^{[44][56][58][59][60]}He was reported “down” at 5:17 a.m.^[56]

At 5:05 a.m., the police said a bomb squad had set off a controlled explosion.^[18][61]At 5:53 a.m., the Orlando police posted onTwitter, “Pulse Shooting: The shooter inside the club is dead.”^[18]Thirty hostages were freed during the police operation.^[14][62]The survivors were searched by police for guns and explosives.^[34]

Fifty people died in the incident, including Mateen, and another 53 were injured, some critically.^[15][63]Many underwent surgery.^[64]Thirty-nine, including Mateen, were pronounced dead at the scene, and eleven at local hospitals.^[25][35]Of the thirty-eight victims to die at the scene, twenty died on the stage area and dance floor, nine in the nightclub’s northern bathroom, four in the southern bathroom, three on the stage, one at the front lobby, and one out on a patio.^[15][29]At least five of the dead were not killed during the initial volley of gunfire by Mateen, but during the hostage situation in the bathroom.^[44]

Most of the injured—44 people—were taken to the Orlando Regional Medical Center (ORMC), the primary regional trauma center three blocks away; twelve others went to Florida Hospital Orlando.^[65][66][67]Nine of ORMC’s patients died there, and by June 14, 27 remained hospitalized, with six in critical condition.^[68]ORMC performed a total of 76 surgeries on its patients.^[69]The last of the injured was discharged from ORMC on September 6, nearly three months after the shooting.^[68]

Autopsies of the 49 dead were completed by the Orange County Medical Examiner’s Office by June 14,^[66]and their results were released in early August.

According to the autopsy reports, many of the victims were shot multiple times in the front or side, and from a short distance.

More than a third were shot in the head, and most had multiple bullet wounds and were likely shot more than 3 feet (0.91 meters) away.

In total, there were over 200 gunshot wounds.^{[70][71][72][73]}

Responding SWAT officer, Michael Napolitano received a minor head injury when a bullet hit his Kevlar helmet.^[74]Pulse was hosting Latin Night; over 90% of the victims were ofHispanicbackground, and half of those were of Puerto Rican descent.^[75][76]FourDominicansand three Mexican citizens were killed;^[77][78]three Colombians and two Canadians were injured.^[79][80]An off-duty United States Army Reserve captain at the club who was not in uniform was also killed.^[81][82]

The attack is the second-deadliest mass shooting by a single shooter in United States history, behind the 2017 Las Vegas shooting;^[83][84]prior to the Las Vegas shooting, the Pulse shooting had been the deadliest mass shooting in U.S. history.^[85][86][87]It is also the deadliest incident of violence against lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in the history of the United States—surpassing the 1973 UpStairs Lounge arson attack^[88]—and the deadliest terrorist attack in the United States since theSeptember 11 attacksin 2001.^[25][89][90]

The names and ages of the victims killed were confirmed by the City of Orlando after their next of kin had been notified:^[91][92]

The gunman was identified as 29-year-old Omar Mateen,^[93]an American born in New Hyde Park, New York.^[94][95]His parents were Afghan, and he was raised as a Muslim.^[96]At the time of the shooting, he lived in an apartment complex in Fort Pierce, Florida, 117 miles (188 kilometers) from the Pulse nightclub in Orlando.^[97][98][99]

Mateen’s body was buried in the Muslim Cemetery of South Florida, near Hialeah Gardens.^[100]

From October 2006 until April 2007, Mateen trained to be a prison guard for the Florida Department of Corrections. As a probationary employee, he received an “administrative termination (not involving misconduct)”^[101]upon a warden’s recommendation after Mateen joked about bringing a gun to school.^[102]Mateen unsuccessfully pursued a career in law enforcement, failing to become a Florida state trooper in 2011 and to gain admission to a police academy in 2015.^[101]According to a police academy classmate, Mateen threatened to shoot his classmates at a cookout in 2007 “after his hamburger touched pork” in violation of Islamic dietary laws.^{[103][104][105][106]}Other witnesses, however, said that they saw Mateen drink alcohol and even “get drunk”.^[107][108]

Since 2007, he had been a security guard for G4S Secure Solutions.^[109][110]The company said two screenings—one conducted upon hiring and the other in 2013—had raised no red flags.^[111]Mateen held an active statewide firearms license and an active security officer license,^[112][113]had passed a psychological test, and had no criminal record.^[94]

After the shooting, the psychologist who reportedly evaluated and cleared Mateen for his firearms license in 2007 by G4S records denied ever meeting him or having lived in Florida at the time, and said she had stopped her practice in Florida since January 2006.

G4S admitted Mateen’s form had a “clerical error” and clarified that he had instead been cleared by another psychologist from the same firm that bought the wrongly-named doctor’s practice.

This doctor had not interviewed Mateen, but evaluated the results of a standard test used in the screening he undertook before being hired.^[115]G4S was subsequently fined for lapses in its psychological testing program (see below).

In 2009, Mateen married his first wife, who left him after a few months; the couple’s divorce became final in 2011.

Following the nightclub attack, she said Mateen was “mentally unstable and mentally ill” and “obviously disturbed, deeply, and traumatized”, was oftenphysically abusive, and had a history of using steroids.^{[116][117][118][119]}His autopsy revealed signs of long-term and habitual steroid use, so more toxicology tests were ordered for confirmation.^[120]As of July 15, 2016, federal investigators were uncertain whether Mateen’s steroid use was a factor in the attack.^[121]

At the time of the shooting, Mateen was married to his second wife and had a young son.^[122]

In the hours before the shooting, Mateen used severalFacebookaccounts to write posts vowing vengeance for American airstrikes in Iraq and Syria and to search for content related to terrorism. These posts, since deleted, were recovered and included in an open letter^[123]by Senate Homeland Security Chairman Ron Johnson to Facebook CEOMark Zuckerbergseeking further information about Mateen’s use of the site.^{[124][125][126]}

During the shooting, Mateen made a 9-1-1 call claiming it was an act of retaliation for the airstrike killing of, among others, ISIL militant Abu Waheeb in the previous month. He told the negotiator to tell America to stop the bombing.^[47][127]

An unnamed police academy classmate said Mateen asked him out around 2006, that they had spent time at gay bars together after class, and that he believed Mateen was gay.^[128]He also described him as “socially awkward” and disliked by classmates.^[129]A man who self-identified as Mateen’s lover-of-two-months, “Miguel”, stated that he believed the massacre was out of revenge against Latino men when Mateen learned he may have been exposed to HIV from a Puerto Rican man with whom he had sex.^{[130][131][132]}Mateen’s autopsy results, however, showed that he was HIV-negative.^[120]At least four regular Pulse customers reported having seen Mateen visit the nightclub on no fewer than a dozen occasions. One of them said he would sometimes become drunkenly “loud and belligerent”, and at other times would drink in a corner by himself.^[94]According to a witness who recognized him outside the club an hour before the shooting, Mateen had messaged him using Jack’d, a gay dating app, intermittently over the course of a year before the attack.^[133]Another witness said Mateen used Grindr, a gay hook-up app, and Adam4Adam, a website to communicate with gay men, and had posted pictures of himself on both sites.^[128]A third witness said Mateen would try to pick up men at the nightclub.^[134]

However, according to federal law enforcement officials, the FBI suspects the witnesses claiming Mateen’shomosexualitycould be mistaken, and has doubts that Mateen was gay.^[124][136]Law enforcement sources said the FBI found no photographs, text messages, smartphone apps, pornography, or cell tower location data to suggest Mateen lived a gay life, closeted or otherwise.^[130][137]

On the day of the shooting, Mateen’s father, Mir Seddique Mateen, said that he had seen his son get angry after seeing a gay couple kiss in front of his family at the Bayside Marketplace in Miami months prior to the shooting, which he suggested might have been a motivating factor.^{[13][138][139]}Two days later, after his son’s sexual orientation became a subject of speculation, Mateen’s father said he did not believe his son was homosexual.^[140]Mateen’s ex-wife, however, claimed that his father called him gay while in her presence. Speaking on her behalf, her current fiancé said that she, his family, and others believed he was gay, and that “the FBI asked her not to tell this to the American media”.^[116][141]

During his wife’s trial in March 2018, her defense revealed in a motion that Mateen had Googled “downtown Orlando nightclubs” and, after passing Disney Springs, traveled between Pulse and the Eve Orlando Nightclub before choosing to target Pulse. Trial witnesses said the decision to target Pulse was made at the last minute,^[142]and the defense’s motion argued that this “strongly suggests that the attack on Pulse was not a result of a prior plan to attack a gay nightclub.”^[143]

Security-camera video footage was recovered from the nightclub as part of the investigation.^[144]Facebook activated its “Safety Check” feature in the Orlando area following the shooting, allowing users to mark themselves as “safe” to notify family and friends—the first use of the feature in the United States.^[145][146]

Following the shooting, many business venues in the United States, such as shopping malls, movie theaters, bars, and concert halls, reexamined their security procedures.^[147][148]Also, police forces across the country announced plans to increase security at LGBT landmarks such as the Stonewall Inn and at Pride Month events including pride parades.^[149]

Two former SWAT members, one an active-shooter tactics expert and trainer, expressed misgivings about the three-hour delay in breaching the nightclub, citing the lesson learned from other mass shootings that officers can minimize casualties only by entering a shooting location expeditiously, even if it means putting themselves at great risk.^[150]

Seddique Mateen released a Dari language video statement via Facebook on June 13 to speak about his son’s actions.^[151][152]

A June 13 broadcast from the Iraqi ISIL radio station al-Bayan said Mateen was “one of the soldiers of the caliphate in America”, without indicating any foreknowledge of the shooting.^[153]

On September 10, the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services fined G4S Secure Solutions $151,400 for providing inaccurate psychological testing information on more than 1,500 forms over a ten-year period, which allowed employees to carry firearms. Mateen’s form was among those investigated.^[154]

On November 4, it was reported that the Orlando Police Department was upgrading its equipment for officers following the shooting, since officers at the nightclub were not well-equipped for the event and therefore endangered.

The upgraded equipment included bulletproof helmets and heavier bulletproof vests.^[155]

Following the shooting and a vehicle-ramming attack and mass stabbing atOhio State Universityin Columbus, Ohio, a new federal initiative was launched, partially in response to at least one victim bleeding to death inside Pulse during the shooting. The initiative was designed to train people working at schools and other public places on how to treat injuries before paramedics arrive at the scene. Doctors have emphasized the importance for school faculty members to stay calm and assess injuries, but also discouraged the use of more invasive emergency procedures such as removing a bullet.^[156]

The FBI’s Office of Victim Assistance (OVA) provided “information, assistance services, and resources” to the victims and witnesses of the shooting that, depending on their case-by-case eligibility, may have consisted of “special funding to provide emergency assistance, crime victim compensation, and counseling”.^[157]The OVA, through its Victim Assistance Rapid Deployment Team and Crisis Response Canines, also provided help to responders of the shooting in the days following June 12.^[158]

Immediately after the shooting, many people lined up to donate blood at local blood donation centers and bloodmobile locations when OneBlood, a regional blood donation agency, urged people to donate.^[159][160]The surge in blood donations and the fact that the shooting targeted a gay nightclub spotlighted theFood and Drug Administration‘s controversial federal policy that forbids men who had sex with men in the past year from donating blood. Despite expressions of frustration and disapproval by a number of gay and bisexual men, and LGBT activists across the country and a group ofDemocraticlawmakers^[161]urging the ban to be lifted, FDA stated on June 14 that it had no plans to change the regulation and will reevaluate its policies “as new scientific information becomes available”.^{[162][163][164]}

A victims’ assistance center, Orlando Family Assistance Center, was opened on June 15 inside Camping World Stadium by the City of Orlando.^[165][166]During the eight days it was open, it provided help to 956 people from 298 families. Those remaining were then directed to the newly opened Orlando United Assistance Center jointly set up by the City and Orange County, which, according to the mayor of Orlando, “will stay open as long as there is a need”.^[167][168]

The two hospitals that treated Pulse victims, Orlando Regional Medical Center and Florida Hospital, announced in late August that they will not be billing the survivors or pursuing reimbursement.^[169][170]

The City of Orlando offered free plots and funeral service at the city-owned Greenwood Cemetery for those killed in the shooting.^{[171][172][173]}

Equality Florida, the state’s largest LGBT rights group, started a fundraising page to aid the victims and their families, raising $767,000 in the first nine hours.^{[145][174][175]}As of September 22, 2016, they have raised over $7.85 million online, a record forGoFundMe, with a total of over 119,400 donors and an average of about $66 per donation.^{[176][177][178]}

Another fundraising campaign, OneOrlando, was established by Mayor Buddy Dyer.^[179]The Walt Disney CompanyandNBCUniversal, which operate the nearby Walt Disney World Resort and Universal Orlando Resort, respectively, each donated $1 million to the fund.^[180][181]As of August 12, OneOrlando has raised $23 million,^[182]with a draft proposal to start payouts starting September 27 on a rolling basis in which the highest compensations will go to the families of the 49 people killed, followed by the 50 victims who were physically injured and hospitalized for one night or more. OneOrlando’s fund administrator said that the draft has not decided whether to pay people who were held hostage but were not injured, and will take public feedback in two 90-minute hearings to be held on August 4. A timeline of the draft proposal was released.^[183][184]On August 11, its board of directors decided that the funds will only be dispersed to “the families of the dead, survivors who were hospitalized, survivors who sought outpatient medical treatment, and those who were present in the club when the shootings began but not physically injured”, and that family members and survivors can start filing claims until the September 12 deadline.^[182]As of December 1, OneOrlando paid out over $27.4 million to 299 recipients, according to officials, with six more claims worth an additional $2.1 million still being contested among family members of the slain victims.^[185]

IDW Publishing and DC Entertainment created LOVE IS LOVE, a graphic novel sold to raise money for the victims. The novel became a New York Time’s best seller and more than $165,000 was raised. Through Equality Florida, the proceeds were donated to the OneOrlando Fund.^[186]

A total of 603 calls to 9-1-1 were made by victims, family members and friends of victims, bystanders, and rescue workers during the entire shooting.^[187]On June 14, two dozen news agencies sent a four-page letter to Orlando’s city attorney jointly demanding the release of recordings that 9-1-1 callers made on the night of the shooting.

The letter also contained a request for scanner and dispatch recordings.

The Orlando police refused to release the recordings, citing an “ongoing investigation”.^[188][189]June 20, the FBI released a transcript of the first call by the shooter and a summary of three calls with police negotiators.^[51]On July 14, the University of Central Florida Police Department released nine body camera videos of UCFPD officers who rushed to Pulse to help Orlando police officers during the incident.^[190]

On July 18, the City of Orlando released a detailed 71-page document of OPD officers’ accounts and responses to the shooting.

Requests to release recordings of 9-1-1 calls, police radio transmissions, and the exchanges between law enforcement and Mateen were denied, citing disagreements over whether they fall under local or federal jurisdiction.

The status on the authority over the recordings is pending a court ruling.^{[191][192][193]}On July 20, the Orange County Sheriff’s Office (OCSO) released video footage from a body camera worn by one of its deputies during the incident.^[194]On July 26, the Orange County Fire Rescue released a recording of a 9-1-1 call made during the shooting.^[195]On July 29, the OCSO released dozens of pages of documents detailing the deputies’ individual accounts of their involvement in the shooting.^[196][197]On August 30, the OCSO released the 9-1-1 calls it received during the shooting.^[198][199]Two days later, OPD and the city of Orlando released nine of their hundreds of 9-1-1 calls, which were all made by friends and relatives outside of Pulse during the incident; the rest are locked in a legal dispute between 24 media groups, OPD, and the city of Orlando.^{[200][201][202][203]}

On September 14, the city of Orlando released 23 additional 9-1-1 calls made during the shooting.^[204][205]These included calls made from rescue workers advising preparedness for dozens of victims,^[187]a patron who escaped from Pulse with a friend who was shot, and the brother of a woman who was shot several times and trapped inside a bathroom in the nightclub.^[206]On October 31, the City of Orlando released nearly 30 minutes of recordings of police negotiators talking with Mateen during the course of the shooting, after a judge with the Ninth Judicial Circuit Court of Florida ruled that these calls should be made public. A total of 232 other calls are still being withheld by the city.^[207][208]

On November 10, the Orange County Sheriff’s office released about two dozen videos of body camera footage of officers at the perimeter of the nightclub during the shooting. The footage, which was heavily censored, depicted officers conducting searches of bathrooms in the nightclub and tending to survivors.^{[209][210][211]}On November 14, the City of Orlando released 36 police audio recordings made during the shooting, which record officers’ attempts to contact Mateen, their remarks on his “serious, unruffled attitude”, and their conversations about how to respond to the hostage situation.^[212][213]Also released that day was an additional 9-1-1 call made by a woman who made it out of the nightclub with her sister, who was shot.^[214]The next day, on November 15, 21 additional 9-1-1 calls were released.^[43][215]This was followed by three additional hours of 9-1-1 calls released on November 16. In many of these calls, people who were trapped inside bathrooms, kitchens, and an upstairs office were questioning why police had yet to enter the nightclub.^[43]Two days later, on November 18, 107 pages of transcripts of more than 30 9-1-1 calls were released. These calls were made during the first ten minutes of the shooting, and had to be released in the form of transcripts after a judge deemed them too graphic to be released as audio recordings. According to a city spokesman, all 9-1-1 calls made during the shooting have now been released to the public.^{[216][217][218]}

On September 14, 2016, the City of Orlando announced it would pay $4,518 to erect a new fence around the Pulse nightclub on September 19.

The fence will feature a commemorative screen-wrap with local artwork that would serve as a memorial to the victims and survivors of the shooting.^[219][220]It will also be smaller than the nightclub’s previous fence, in order to allow for more efficient navigation by passers-by.^[219]

On November 8 the City of Orlando announced its plans to purchase the Pulse nightclub later that month for $2.25 million and turn the site into a memorial for the victims and survivors of the shooting.

The announcement was met with praise from Orlando’s LGBT community.^[221]However, the vote was postponed on November 15, with the city explaining that “more time was needed to plan a future memorial”, and that there was some discomfort from city officials over having to pay such an amount of money.

The vote was expected to be held on or before December 5.^[222]In December 2016, the owner declined to sell the nightclub to the city due to emotional attachment.^[223]The owner then created the onePULSE Foundation, and in May 2017, announced plans for a memorial site and museum slated to open in 2020.^[224]

Officials have characterized the shooting as an act of terrorism and ahate crime. FBI Assistant Special Agent in Charge Ron Hopper^[225]called the shooting a hate crime and an act of terrorism;^[226]and Jerry Demings, a sheriff from the Orange County Sheriff’s Office, classified it as domestic terrorism.^[3]City of Orlando Chief of Police John W. Mina said Mateen seemed organized and well-prepared.^[227]On March 13, 2018, the time of Mateen’s wife’s trial for aiding the attack, the FBI had still declined to classify it as a hate crime, and the prosecution said it had never contemplated arguing Mateen had targeted gays. It instead only (unsuccessfully) argued she provided material support to a foreign terrorist organization.^[228]

On June 13, FBI DirectorJames Comeytold reporters, “So far, we see no indication that this was a plot directed from outside the United States and we see no indication that he was part of any kind of network”. He said the United States Intelligence Community was “highly confident that this killer was radicalized at least in part through the Internet”,^[229]and that the investigation had found “strong indications of radicalization by this killer and of potential inspiration by foreign terrorist organizations”.^[230]Several days after the shooting, the FBI announced on its website that it has become “the lead law enforcement agency responsible for investigating the shooting at Pulse nightclub in Orlando, Florida, on June 12, 2016”.^[157]The agency took the lead after the shooting was classified as a terrorist attack due to Mateen’s pledge of allegiance to ISIL during the event.^[59]

According to Senator Ron Johnson, Mateen searched online for references to the shooting during the attack, and made posts onFacebookexpressing his support for Islamic State, saying “You kill innocent women and children by doing us airstrikes. Now taste the Islamic state vengeance.”^[231]

Federal officials said a SIG Sauer MCX semi-automatic rifle and a 9mm Glock 17 semi-automatic pistol were recovered from Mateen’s body, along with additional rounds.^{[10][232][233]}Mateen had legally purchased the two guns used in the shooting from a shop in Port St. Lucie: the SIG Sauer MCX rifle on June 4 and the Glock 17 pistol on June 5.^[6][234]He and law enforcement were reported to have fired a total of 202 rounds which has later been determined to be inaccurate; Mateen reportedly fired at least 110 rounds.^{[22][235][236]}From his car, “hundreds of rounds” were found along with a .38 caliber Smith & Wesson revolver; this gun was not used in the shooting.^[59][233]

Mateen became a person of interest to the FBI in May 2013 and July 2014. The 2013 investigation was opened after he made comments to coworkers about being a member ofHezbollahand having family connections in al-Qaeda,^[237]and that he had ties to Nidal Hasan—perpetrator of the 2009 Fort Hood shooting—and Dzhokhar and Tamerlan Tsarnaev—perpetrators of theBoston Marathon bombing. According to new documents released on July 18, Mateen said that he made these comments in response to “a lot of harassment” and frequent derogatory epithets made by St. Lucie County Sheriff’s deputies and his G4S coworkers, who taunted and made jokes about him being a possible Muslim extremist.^[238][239]The comments resulted in his employer G4S removing Mateen from his post and the county sheriff reporting him to the FBI.^[239][240]The documents also show him saying that he was “1000% American” and writing that he was against any “anti American” and “anti humanity” terrorist organizations.^[238]

The 2014 investigation was opened after he was linked to Moner Mohammad Abu Salha,^[96]an American radical who committed a suicide bombing in Syria. Mateen was interviewed three times in connection with the two investigations. Both cases were closed after finding nothing that warranted further investigation.^{[112][229][241]}After the shooting, Director Comey said the FBI will review its work and methods used in the two investigations. When asked if anything could have or should have been done differently in regard to Mateen, or the FBI’s intelligence and actions in relation to him, Comey replied, “So far, the honest answer is, ‘I don’t think so'”.^[242]

A little over a month after the shooting, the FBI provided more details about its May 2013–March 2014 investigation into Mateen, which was closed after a veteran FBI agent assigned to the case and his supervisor concluded that “there was just nothing there” and removed his name from the Terrorist Watchlist.

Mateen was interviewed twice during the investigation, and had provided a written statement in which he confessed that he had previously lied to FBI investigators.

During the investigation, the FBI had tracked his daily routine using unmarked vehicles, closely examined his phone records, and used two informants to secretly record his face-to-face conversations.

The FBI Director said that they could have taken more initiative in gaining access to his social media accounts in 2013, but noted that back then such checks were not yet “part of [their] investigative DNA”.

However, it would not have mattered, as the analysis of Mateen’s computer after the shooting showed that his social media accounts, including Facebook, had no ties to any terrorist groups, and that he did not post any “radical statements” until the early morning of the shooting.

The FBI in 2013 also did not have the probable cause needed to obtain a search warrant in order to secretly listen to his phone calls or probe into Mateen’s computer.^[243]

On July 26, a Senate homeland security committee chairman sent a four-page letter to the inspector general of the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) requesting an independent review of the FBI’s 2013 and 2014 investigations. He wrote that if Mateen had stayed on the FBI watch-list, the federal agency would have been notified if he tried to purchase firearms, in which case “law enforcement potentially could have uncovered information on social media or elsewhere of Mateen’s radicalization”.^[244]

On March 24, 2018, Sara Sweeney, the assistant attorney prosecuting Mateen’s wife, Noor Salman, disclosed to her defense after the discovery period that her father-in-law, Seddique Mateen, was an FBI informant at various points between January 2005 and June 2016.^[245]Agent Juvenal Martin, who handled the elder Mateen since 2006, said he considered making Omar an informant as well, after investigating and clearing him in 2013.^[246][247]

United States officials said Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) may have inspired Mateen without training, instructing, or having a direct connection with him.^{[153][248][249]}Investigators have said no evidence linking Mateen to the group has emerged, and have cautioned that the shooting may have been ISIL-inspired without being ISIL-directed,^[250]as was the case in theDecember 2, 2015 attackin San Bernardino, California.^[21][251]Yoram Schweitzer of the Israeli Institute for National Security Studies posited that Mateen associated the attack with ISIL to add notoriety, and said it was very unlikely that ISIL had known of him before the shooting.^[153]

On June 16, Director of the Central Intelligence Agency John Brennan told the Senate Intelligence Committee that his agency was “unable to uncover any link” between Mateen and ISIL.^[252]

Following the shooting, officers from multiple federal, state, and local law-enforcement agencies (including the FBI, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, Florida Department of Law Enforcement (FDLE), St. Lucie County Sheriff’s Office, and Fort Pierce Police Department) converged on Mateen’s home in Fort Pierce and another home in Port St. Lucie. A bomb squad checked Mateen’s Fort Pierce home for explosives.^[253]In June 2016, the House Intelligence Committee said that United States investigators “are searching for details about theSaudi Arabiatrips Mateen made in 2011 and 2012.”^{[254][255][256]}

Senate Intelligence Committee member Angus King said that Mateen’s second wife appears to have had “some knowledge of what was going on”.^[54][258]Media reports, citing anonymous law enforcement officials, said she was with Mateen as he scouted possible Orlando-area targets (including the Walt Disney World Resort’s Disney Springs and the Pulse nightclub) and that she was also with him when he purchased ammunition and a holster in the months leading up to the attack.^{[259][260][261]}

Mateen’s second wife, Noor Salman, was arrested in January 2017, at her home in Rodeo, California.^[262]She was charged in federal court in Orlando with aiding and abetting as well as obstruction of justice.^[263]Federal prosecutors accused her of knowing that Mateen was planning an attack.^[264]Salman pleaded not guilty to the charges.^[265]Salman moved to dismiss the obstruction charge; this motion was denied by U.S. District Judge Paul G. Byron.^[266][267]

Salman’s trial took place in March 2018.^[268]During the trial, the prosecution revealed it withheld information during discovery that Salman’s confession of helping scout potential attack locations was not true based on cell phone evidence, and that the FBI knew this even though it had been used to deny herbail.^[247]The defense also sought to dismiss the charges or declare a mistrial onBradydisclosure grounds after this disclosure, and after the prosecution disclosed during the trial that Seddique Mateen had been a confidential FBI informant “at various points in time between January 2005 through June 2016.”^[269]The court denied Salman’s motion to dismiss the charges or declare a mistrial.^[246][268]On March 30 the jury acquitted Salman of both charges.^[270][271]One survivor of the shooting called the acquittal “devastating” for the victims of the shooting.^[272]

In July 2016, law enforcement officials reported that the FBI—after conducting “interviews and an examination of his computer and other electronic media”—has not found any evidence that Mateen targeted Pulse because the nightclub was a venue for gays or whether the attack was motivated by homophobia.

According to witnesses, he did not make any homophobic comments during the shooting.

Also, nothing has been found that confirms the speculation that he was gay and used gay dating apps; however, the FBI “has found evidence that Mateen was cheating on his wife with other women”.

Officials noted that “there is nothing to suggest that he attempted to cover up his tracks by deleting files”.

Generally, “a complete picture of what motivated Mateen remains murky and may never be known since he was killed in a shootout with police and did not leave a manifesto”.^[130]The FBI has yet to conclude its investigation.^[59][273]

In September 2016, an imam for a mosque in Kissimmee released video footage showing what appeared to be Mateen on June 8, four days before the shooting, praying for about ten minutes. The imam said Mateen was praying there with his wife and child, and had no verbal exchanges with any of the other attendants. Though the FBI was already in possession of the mosque’s security recordings, the video footage was released to the public only after a series of bombings or bombing attempts in New York and New Jersey, and a mass stabbing at a Minnesota shopping mall in September 2016.^[274]

At the request of John Mina, the Orlando chief of police, the U.S. Department of Justice’s Office of Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS) conducted a third-party “after-action assessment” of the Orlando Police Department’s response to the shooting and its overall preparedness.^[275][276]COPS commissioned the Police Foundation to prepare the report, which was released in December 2017. The report concluded that the Orlando Police Department response “was appropriate and consistent with national guidelines and best practices” and saved lives.^[277]The report stated: “The initial tactical response was consistent with the OPD’s active shooter training and recognized promising practices. However, as the incident became more complex and prolonged, transitioning from a barricaded suspect with hostages to an act of terrorism, the OPD’s operational tactics and strategies were challenged by the increasing threat posed by the suspect’s claim of improvised explosive devices inside the club and in vehicles surrounding the club.”^[277]The report authors noted that they lacked access to FBI reports and other data about the crime scene and shooter, and did not have information about “potential law enforcement friendly fire.”^[277]

In April 2017, the Orlando Sentinel obtained a copy of a 78-page presentation given by Mina to some ten police groups located around the world, which discussed the OPD’s response to the attack and what it has learned. The presentation offered a comprehensive timeline of the attack and included diagrams and still photos from body camera footage showing officers in their initial confrontation with Mateen. According to the presentation, 500 interviews were conducted, 1,600 leads were followed up on, more than 950 pieces of evidence were collected, and more than 300 people were subpoenaed.^[15]

In December 2016, the Florida Department of Law Enforcement completed a 35-page “after-action report” about its response to the nightclub during the shooting.^[278][279]The report was publicly released in August 2017 after a public records request made by theOrlando Sentinel.^[278][279]The report generally praised the FDLE’s handling of the nightclub shootings, but detailed the agency’s difficulties in notifying the dead’s families and complications arising from its inter-agency policies, which led to them not immediately sharing information about the shooting with federal investigators.^[278][279]

Florida governor Rick Scott expressed support for all affected, and said the state emergency operations center was monitoring the incident.^[280]Scott declared a state of emergency for Orange County, Florida,^[281]and Orlando mayor Buddy Dyer declared a state of emergency for the city.^[282][283]On June 24, Scott directed that 49 state flags be flown for 49 days in front of the Florida Historic Capitol in Tallahassee, with the name, age, and photo of every victim displayed beneath each flag.^[284]

The Obama administration expressed its condolences to the victims. President Barack Obama ordered that “the federal government provide any assistance necessary to pursue the investigation and support the community.”^[285]In a speech, he described the shooting as an “act of hate” and an “act of terror”.^{[98][286][287]}He also issued a proclamation on June 12 ordering United States flags upon non-private grounds and buildings around the country and abroad to be lowered to half-staff until sundown, June 16.^[288]He and Vice PresidentJoe Bidentraveled to Orlando on June 16 to lay flowers at a memorial and visit the victims’ families.^[289]

Many American Muslims, including community leaders, swiftly condemned the shooting.^[290][291]Prayer vigils for the victims were held at mosques across the country.^{[292][293][294]}The Florida mosque where Mateen sometimes prayed issued a statement condemning the attack and offering condolences to the victims.^[295]The Council on American–Islamic Relations called the attack “monstrous” and offered its condolences to the victims. CAIR Florida urged Muslims to donate blood even while observing the month of Ramadan – which requires Muslims to fast from dawn to dusk – and contribute funds in support of the victims’ families.^[290][296]Some Muslim groups called on members to break their Ramadan fast to be able to donate blood.^[297]

TheUnited Nations Security Councilissued a statement condemning the shooting for “targeting persons as a result of their sexual orientation”. It was supported by some countries that suppress homosexual behavior and discussion, such as Egypt and Russia.^[298]Samantha Power, United States Ambassador to the UN, led a group of 17 UN ambassadors on a visit to the historic LGBT landmark Stonewall Inn to express their support for LGBT rights in response to the shooting.^[299]Countries that released their own statements condemning the shooting include Afghanistan, Egypt, Saudi Arabia,Qatar, Iran, theUnited Arab Emirates,Kuwaitand Turkey.^[300]

Many people onsocial mediaand elsewhere, including 2016 United States presidential election candidates, members ofCongress, other political figures, foreign leaders, and various celebrities, expressed their shock at the event and extended their condolences to those affected.^[301][302]Vigils were held around the world to mourn those who were killed in the shooting, including one held at the banks of Lake Eola Park on June 19 that attracted 50,000 people.^{[303][304][305]}

OnePulse Foundation, a charity organization created by a Pulse owner on July 7, filed documents with a plan to fund and build a memorial at the nightclub.

The foundation is collaborating with the city of Orlando to determine the location of the memorial.^{[306][307][308]}The non-profit organization also plans to start a fundraising campaign to provide financial help to the surviving victims who were injured and the families of the 49 who were killed.^[309]

In the aftermath of the 2018 trial, some media re-assessed the reactions, possible motives and media narrative of the shooting.^[310][311]